{"id":6411,"date":"2020-04-02T09:35:32","date_gmt":"2020-04-02T07:35:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.k-i-e.com\/?p=6411"},"modified":"2020-08-03T14:47:55","modified_gmt":"2020-08-03T12:47:55","slug":"272-2-en","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.k-i-e.com\/en\/272-2-en\/","title":{"rendered":"s272 To master crises, we need to know how we decide, perceive, think and act"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Deciding, thinking and acting do not work the way we think they do. With\nthe knowledge of how emotions really work, people can behave sensibly and\nmaster present and future crises. In order to also overcome the limitations of\npreviously used artificial intelligence, it is necessary to expand conventional\nAI by the logic of emotions that prevails in the emotive-cognitive cycles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Human decision making is controlled by emotions – before cognition takes\nover.  There is a filigree network of\nmutually reinforcing and weakening processes behind the interaction between the\ntwo systems, the emotive-cognitive cycles. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emotions, and subsequently also feelings, have an influence on all cognitive abilities such as deciding, feeling, perceiving, thinking, remembering and many more. Only those who reject both science in principle and common sense still doubt this. However, the experts as well as the general public, continue their debate on the degree of this influence.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Linear cognitive process – which does not exist in this form<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Our cognitive system perceives consciously and is most often located in\nthe neocortex. Perception and other great abilities such as decision making,\nattention, learning, memory, creativity, planning and belief, imagination,\nreasoning, introspection, will and many more are assigned to it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The common notion and reigning general doctrine is based on a cognitive sequence: perceive, evaluate and then act. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Traditional
Figure 01: Traditional 1-System Approach<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

We step on a branch and all sensory information condenses until we\nrecognize a snake that is considered dangerous, only to jump away screaming.\nLater we perceive the branch and then realize that we were wrong. The textbooks\nhave told us the story that it would make evolutionary sense to jump away from\na snake instead of waiting until we are absolutely sure that it is a snake. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As early as 1884, William James doubted this sequence, as did Carl Lange\nin 1885, independently of James. What has remained from this time is William\nJames’ bear: “Are we running away from the bear because we are afraid,\nor are we afraid because we are running away?” <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A large number of human movements are triggered by processes that are not accessible to the conscious mind. Many of these movements can also be initiated consciously. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"2-System
Figure 02: 2-System analogies<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Emotive cycle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Reality tells a different story, as many scientists like Benjamin Libet, Joseph LeDoux, Ant\u00f3nio Rosa Dam\u00e1sio and Joachim Bauer have proven. However, this story sounds incredible and seems difficult to grasp. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Emotive
Figure 03: Emotive movements – autopilot<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

We have already jumped away screaming before an object that we\nconsciously could not yet have noticed. The visual perception process takes a\ngood half a second (550 ms). The first movements, such as the narrowing of the\nretina, begin after 80 milliseconds and a 100-meter sprinter starts running\nbefore he hears the shot. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The \u201cemotive\u201d movement had already been initiated before the cognitive processes such as seeing or hearing were completed and also before we were subsequently able to evaluate the potential dangerousness of what we had perceived. James’s doubts were justified, as his assumption that we would run and then get scared comes closer to what had actually happened. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emotive perception with emotive assessment and emotive decision<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

We “make” something like an “emotive” decision and\ninitiate an “emotive” movement (screaming in freeze and jumping in\nflight), although neither cognitive perception as a prerequisite for cognitive assessment\nnor the decision have been completed yet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a logical consequence, something like emotive perception (eP) must have taken place in order to have triggered a directed emotive movement such as to freeze or to jump away. Also, an emotive assessment (eA) must have taken place which classifies the emotive perception as dangerous, just like the emotive decision (eD) to go into freeze or flight.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Logic
Figure04: Logic of emotions<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

We have not yet cognitively perceived the bear or the snake, so we are\nnot yet cognitively able to recognize whether either is a bear or a snake, or\nwhether either bear or snake are dangerous. We should at this point abandon the\nthinking that our actions and decisions are rational or irrational; they are\nemotive-cognitive.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The logic of emotions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Emotive processes are only rudimentarily comparable with cognitive\nprocesses such as perception, remembering, evaluating, deciding and acting.\nRemembering in the cognitive form does not exist. The process of emotive\nrecognition and evaluation is directly interwoven with a movement. When looking\nat emotive cycles, traditional concepts are not sufficient and existing ones\nlead to confusion and irritation, especially in the area of emotions, behavior\nand feelings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cognitive description of emotions usually means triggered feelings, but also the emotional behavior when emotions have a strong effect. For example, one speaks of fearful or courageous behavior as well as of being rigid with fear when the basic emotion fear has a strong effect. Fear as a neurological structure provides safety by moving into rigidity, even if this is not always the appropriate movement in today’s world. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Emotive
Figure 05: Emotive cycles<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

If the effect of the second emotion, disgust, is added to high fear,\nwhich ensures adequate distance, the biological reaction, escape, is triggered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emotive-cognitive cycle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Once the cognitive processes are completed, the branch is recognized. The emotive movement is initiated or rather has happened because we have already jumped away screaming. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The
Figure 06: The branch is recognized<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Humans have an emotion and a cognitive system. Both work in parallel and\nlargely autonomously and come to different decisions and movements at different\ntimes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

One and the same stimulus \u2013 the acoustic wave of the breaking branch and\nits color pigmentation – sets the processes of the faster emotion system into\nmotion. This autonomously initiates a “movement” that is not\naccessible to the conscious mind through the logic of the emotions.\nSubsequently, the branch is perceived cognitively. So far, there is still no\nsnake in play, although we have already jumped away screaming. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first emotive-cognitive cycle constitutes the parallel processing in\nthe emotion and cognitive system. The next emotive-cognitive cycles, the\nthought cycles, will be far more exciting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The KiE Trilogy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

We jumped away screaming, even though we had only stepped on a branch.\nThe emotive cycle has worked on the logic of emotion. Cognitively, however, an\nunavoidable contradiction has arisen, which must now be transformed into a\nsolution. At this point there is no snake, neither real nor imagined. The\nneurological process arising from this conflict happens so quickly that pertaining\nto this emotive-cognitive cycle one might fittingly use the phrase “we are\nthought”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this process, relevant is not so much to what extent the branch is first recognized and then the snake created. The conflict that needs to be resolved remains the same. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We
Figure 07: We are thought<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The inseparability of emotion(E), intuition(i) and cognition(K), the KiE\ntrilogy, forms a coherent world view from the contradiction: anxiety(E) and\nsnake(K) now fit together. As a solution, the snake is only now being created\nas a cognitive object, an image initiated by the anxiety that had already been acting\nbefore. Only now does a snake come into play as constructed memory.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accompanying unavoidable feelings as well as biochemical and other\nbodily reactions work to stabilize the process of mindfulness (anxiety) and the\nreadiness for appropriate distance (disgust).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coherent world view – rarely true, but always consistent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The coherent world view is not true or correct; it is only coherent, in the sense that the results from the emotion and cognition system, namely the anxiety(E) and the branch(K), are combined into a suitable coherent world view.  After the memory of a snake has been created, the coherent world view is further coherently merged. Even if more freedom has already been created here, this neurological process continues to happen so quickly that we are still more likely to be “thought” in this emotive-cognitive cycle, than we are to think this coherent world view ourselves: “I jumped away screaming from a branch because I mistook it for a snake.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Coherent
Figure 08: Coherent world views<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This coherent world view “I jumped away screaming from a branch\nbecause I mistook it for a snake” is not true and cannot be true. The time\nit takes to perceive the branch is a good half second, just like the memory of\na snake. These two cognitive processes plus the comparison take longer than the\nemotive movement. We have already jumped away screaming after about 350\nmilliseconds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Individual internal and external emotive-cognitive cycles <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Emotive-cognitive cycles can be run through several times in order to\nbring about a conscious decision from provisional decisions. If too few cycles\nare completed, a decision is careless; if too many cycles are performed, the\nindividual starts to ponder and sometimes never reaches a decision. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coherent world view corresponds to the “imagined” effect and can be made more and more coherent by several cycles. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The
Figure 09: The preliminary decision<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The emotive-cognitive cycles can go beyond the internal decision-making\nprocesses. A decision leads to an action which has an effect. It is possible to\nrecognize via the external cycle to what degree the intended effect has been\nachieved. If necessary, a new decision is made in new emotive-cognitive cycles\nand thus the intended effect is still achieved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Internal and external emotive-cognitive cycles in the interaction\nbetween people <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Emotive-cognitive cycles also work between people. On the one hand, the behavior of the individual arises from internal emotive-cognitive cycles and at the same time acts as a stimulus to the next person. The effect that has arisen from this behavior also flows in as a stimulus. The behavior of others is subject to the same principles. In emotive-cognitive cycles, the stimuli, both fed by behavior and triggered effect, lead to the subsequent behavior of the others. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Interactions
Figure10: Interactions between people<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The mutual effect of the emotive-cognitive cycles is the basis of all\nhuman interaction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

What do emotive-cognitive cycles\nhave to do with artificial intelligence?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

So far artificial intelligence is\ncognitive computing or weak AI based on cognitive approaches. Even though\nAffective Computing or Artificial Emotional Intelligence already exists,\ncognitive approaches such as statistics and rules are often used. Statistics\nare cognitively easy to process, but human behavior does not follow accordingly,\nas everyone knows. Human decision making and behavior arises from emotive and\nemotive-cognitive cycles. These can be easily recognized as patterns for AI.\nThe individual changes and the effects in social interaction can also be\nprocessed well with model calculations and AI. This would create good\nconditions for deep learning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Current approaches to AI use the\n1-system approach, the cognitive approach: perceive(K), evaluate(K) with a subsequent\nemotional reaction(E). Cognitive biases as decision distortions are an\noverflowing attempt to explain, which in essence only give an indication of the\nKiE trilogy.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Surprisingly, the logic of the\nemotions in the emotive-cognitive cycles satisfies a rational calculus, which\nhowever has little to do with rational or cognitive logic. Human behavior has\nbeen proven not to be rational. It is not irrational either; it is\nemotive-cognitive and thus can be described, explained and mapped in AI for the\nfirst time. The extension by emotive-cognitive cycles would make Artificial\nHuman Intelligence (AHI) or Artificial Human Intelligence (AhI). AI extended by\nemotive-cognitive cycles would be the precursor to general artificial\nintelligence, which could go beyond human intelligence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fear of many managers that\nartificial intelligence (AI) might replace them is justified. The following statement\nby Nobel Prize laureate Daniel Kahneman, “Man is an insecure\ndecision-maker and must be replaced by algorithms (artificial\nintelligence)”, tends to fan the flames of general fear. In corporate\nannouncements this has already proven a reality. Mapping AI on an immature\ntheory of human decision making carries a high risk, forces uncertainty and\nposes significant problems for a global breakthrough and meaningful benefits\nfor all people.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Time will show how completely people\nwill use the AI trilogy for new disruptive thinking or the degree to which a\nlimited artificial intelligence will displace the insecure decision maker, the\nhuman being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personally, I would prefer it if people were to recognize the benefits and possibilities of the KiE Trilogy first and thus develop a better Artificial Human Intelligence (AHI) that benefits all people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More about the series of articles on human decision making<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Further articles about the different human decision forms can be found after the source below under tags “Article series human decision forms<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More about the series Artificial Intelligence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

More articles about artificial intelligence and how it can be extended with KiE can be found after the sources below at tag “Artificial Intelligence<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

_______________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

November 2019 – Richard Graf, Elsa Graf (089) Revision 272 in March 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eDeciding, thinking and acting do not work the way we think they do.\u201c<\/em> RICHARD GRAF<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sources:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

BAUER,\nJoachim. Schmerzgrenze: Vom Ursprung allt\u00e4glicher und globaler Gewalt. Karl\nBlessing Verlag, 2011. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

DAMASIO,\nAntonio R. Descartes’ Irrtum: F\u00fchlen, Denken und das menschliche Gehirn.\nUllstein eBooks, 2014. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

GRAF,\nRichard. Die neue Entscheidungskultur: Mit gemeinsam getragenen Entscheidungen\nzum Erfolg. Carl Hanser Verlag, 2018. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

LEDOUX,\nJoseph. Das Netz der Gef\u00fchle. Wie Emotionen entstehen. M\u00fcnchen:\nHanser, 1998. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

LIBET, Benjamin. Neurophysiology\nof consciousness. Birkh\u00e4user Boston, 1993. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Libet, Benjamin, Gleason, Curtis\nA., Wright, Elwood W., & Pearl, Dennis K. (1983). Time of conscious\nintention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential)\nthe unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. In: Brain, Vol. 106(3),\nS. 623\u2013642 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Luhmann,\nNiklas (2011). Organisation und Entscheidung. Westdeutscher Verlag <\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAHNEMAN, Daniel. Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan,\n2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W.-U.\nMeyer, A. Sch\u00fctzewohl, R. Reisenzein. Einf\u00fchrung in die Emotionspsychologie.\nBand 1. 2. Auflage. Hans Huber Verlag, Bern 2001, Kapitel 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W.\nL. Worcester. Observations on Some Points in James\u2019s Psychology. II. Emotion.\nIn: The Monist 3(2), 1893, S. 287. 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peter\nR. Hofst\u00e4tter (Hrsg.). Psychologie. Das Fischer Lexikon, Fischer-Taschenbuch,\nFrankfurt a. M. 1972, ISBN 3-436-01159-2;\nS. 70\u201372 zu Lemma \u201eBehaviorismus\u201c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Deciding, thinking and acting do not work the way we think they do. With the knowledge of how emotions really work, people can behave sensibly and master present and future crises. In order to also overcome the limitations of previously used artificial intelligence, it is necessary to expand conventional AI by the logic of emotions […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":6434,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[110,1,54,68,138,67],"tags":[123,131],"class_list":{"0":"post-6411","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-all-en","8":"category-alle","9":"category-decisionmaking","10":"category-gesellschaft-kultur","11":"category-kie-basics-en","12":"category-kie-conzept","13":"tag-article-series-human-decision-forms","14":"tag-artificial-intelligence"},"yoast_head":"\ns272 To master crises, we need to know how we decide, perceive, think and act<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Entscheidungen mit Decision Making herbeif\u00fchren - Deciding, thinking and acting do not work the way we think they do. 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